People often use these terms interchangeably, but they are not synonyms. A heart attack is when blood flow to the heart is blocked, and sudden cardiac arrest is when the heart malfunctions and suddenly stops beating unexpectedly. A heart attack is a “circulation” problem and sudden cardiac arrest is an “electrical” problem.
What is a heart attack?
A heart attack occurs when a blocked artery prevents oxygen-rich blood from reaching a section of the heart. If the blocked artery is not reopened quickly, the part of the heart normally nourished by that artery begins to die. The longer a person goes without treatment, the greater the damage. Symptoms of a heart attack may be immediate and intense. More often, though, symptoms start slowly and persist for hours, days or weeks before a heart attack. Unlike with sudden cardiac arrest, the heart usually does not stop beating during a heart attack. The heart attack symptoms in women can be different than men.
What is cardiac arrest?
Sudden cardiac arrest occurs suddenly and often without warning. It is triggered by an electrical malfunction in the heart that causes an irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia). With its pumping action disrupted, the heart cannot pump blood to the brain, lungs and other organs. Seconds later, a person loses consciousness and has no pulse. Death occurs within minutes if the victim does not receive treatment
What is the link?
These two distinct heart conditions are linked. Sudden cardiac arrest can occur after a heart attack, or during recovery. Heart attacks increase the risk for sudden cardiac arrest. Most heart attacks do not lead to sudden cardiac arrest. But when sudden cardiac arrest occurs, heart attack is a common cause. Other heart conditions may also disrupt the heart’s rhythm and lead to sudden cardiac arrest. These include a thickened heart muscle (cardiomyopathy), heart failure, arrhythmias, particularly ventricular fibrillation, and long Q-T syndrome.
Fast action can save lives. Find out what to do if someone experiences a heart attack or cardiac arrest.
What to do: Heart Attack
Even if you're not sure it's a heart attack, call 9-1-1 or your emergency response number. Every minute matters! It’s best to call EMS to get to the emergency room right away. Emergency medical services staff can begin treatment when they arrive — up to an hour sooner than if someone gets to the hospital by car. EMS staff are also trained to revive someone whose heart has stopped. Patients with chest pain who arrive by ambulance usually receive faster treatment at the hospital, too.
What to do: Sudden Cardiac Arrest
Cardiac arrest is reversible in most victims if it's treated within a few minutes. First, call 9-1-1 for emergency medical services. Then get an automated external defibrillator if one is available and use it as soon as it arrives. Begin CPR immediately and continue until professional emergency medical services arrive. If two people are available to help, one should begin CPR immediately while the other calls 9-1-1 and finds an AED.
Sudden cardiac arrest is a leading cause of death – over 320,000 out-of-hospital cardiac arrests occur annually in the United States. By performing Hands-Only CPR to the beat of the classic disco song “Stayin’ Alive,” you can double or even triple a victim’s chance of survival.
More tips on what to do during cardiac arrest.
Cardiac arrest
A cardiac arrest happens when someone’s heart stops pumping blood around their body. They will lose responsiveness almost immediately and show no other signs of life, such as breathing or movement.
If you see someone having a cardiac arrest, you need to act quickly as they’ll only have a chance of surviving if they receive life saving first aid immediately.
You need to call 999 and give immediate CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation - see the video below).
You should also ask any bystanders to find a defibrillator (an automated external defibrillator – AED for short), which restarts the heart by giving an electric shock.
Lots of public places have them, including shopping centres, train stations, airports, offices and schools.
Watch our video - Adult CPR
What to look for - Cardiac arrest
There are three signs that someone has had a cardiac arrest:
- 1. Sudden loss of responsiveness
- 2. No breathing
- 3. No movement or other signs of life
What you need to do - Cardiac arrest
Call 999 or 112 straight away for medical help or ask a bystander to do it, so that you can start doing CPR sooner. Make sure you communicate with a specific person, so that no time is lost while people hesitate.
Is there a defibrillator available?
If there is a defibrillator, grab the AED or ask a specific person to get it for you. If there isn’t a defibrillator, you need to start CPR straight away and carry on until:
• emergency help arrives and takes over
• the person starts showing signs of life and starts to breathe normally, or
• you are too exhausted to continue
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Source: St. John Ambulance
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